Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Justice Administration: Legal Challenges, Ethical Concerns, and the Need for Regulatory Framework in India

Tarushi Gaur; Shivanshu Katare

Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Justice Administration: Legal Challenges, Ethical Concerns, and the Need for Regulatory Framework in India

Author(s)	Dr. Tarushi Gaur, Mr. Shivanshu Katare
Country	India
Abstract	The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into criminal justice administration is transforming investigative processes, predictive policing, evidence analysis, sentencing assessment, and prison management across jurisdictions. In India, emerging applications such as facial recognition systems, predictive crime mapping, automated risk assessment tools, and AI-driven forensic analytics present significant opportunities for enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and resource allocation within law enforcement and judicial systems. However, the adoption of AI technologies also raises profound legal and ethical concerns relating to privacy, due process, transparency, accountability, algorithmic bias, and the presumption of innocence. The absence of a comprehensive statutory framework governing AI deployment in criminal justice intensifies the risk of arbitrary surveillance, discriminatory profiling, and opaque decision-making. Constitutional guarantees under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution of India particularly the right to equality, freedom, and privacy require that AI-driven interventions meet standards of fairness, proportionality, and procedural safeguards. Furthermore, concerns regarding data protection, explainability of algorithms, and liability for automated decisions underscore the urgent need for regulatory clarity. This paper critically examines the legal challenges posed by AI integration in India’s criminal justice system, analyses ethical implications, and argues for a rights-based regulatory framework grounded in constitutional principles and international human rights norms. It proposes legislative oversight, transparency mandates, independent audits, and accountability mechanisms to ensure that technological innovation does not undermine civil liberties. The development of a robust regulatory regime is essential to balance efficiency with justice and to preserve the integrity of India’s democratic legal order.
Keywords	Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Justice, Algorithmic Bias, Due Process, Privacy, Regulatory Framework.
Discipline	Other
Published In	Volume 4, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On	2026-02-18

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Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Justice Administration: Legal Challenges, Ethical Concerns, and the Need for Regulatory Framework in India

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