Advanced International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

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Irrigation and Agricultural Productivity in Jammu and Kashmir: A Systematic Literature Review

Author(s) Umar Ali, Nasir Ahmad Zargar
Country India
Abstract Agriculture remains the principal source of livelihood in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), directly or indirectly sustaining roughly 60–70% of its population, yet the productivity of its major food crops continues to lag behind the national average, largely because of the region's fragmented and increasingly stressed irrigation base (Kumar et al., 2023; Padder, 2021). This paper presents a systematic narrative review of 31 peer-reviewed journal articles, government/institutional data sources and contemporary science-reporting sources on the relationship between irrigation development and agricultural productivity in J&K, synthesising historical, empirical, institutional, hydrogeological and climatic perspectives drawn from material published between 2011 and 2026. The review traces the evolution of irrigation from traditional community-managed gravity systems such as kuhls and kools to state-administered canal and lift schemes, examines quantitative evidence on the association between irrigated area and crop yield, evaluates the performance of national irrigation-investment programmes such as the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), and assesses emerging threats from glacier recession, erratic snowfall and declining spring discharge. Findings indicate that although net and gross irrigated area expanded modestly between 2010 and 2020, productivity gains were uneven across crops, undermined by fragmented landholdings, ageing canal infrastructure, and by an accelerating hydrological shift away from dependable snow- and glacier-fed supply. Farmer-managed irrigation systems, historically praised for equity, have shown declining maintenance capacity relative to government-managed schemes in several districts. The review concludes that raising agricultural productivity in J&K requires integrated investment in irrigation infrastructure rehabilitation, micro-irrigation technology, climate-resilient cropping calendars and strengthened water-governance institutions, and it identifies gaps in longitudinal, farm-level productivity data as a priority for future research.


 
Keywords Irrigation, agricultural productivity, Jammu and Kashmir, kuhl irrigation, water resources, PMKSY, climate change, crop yield.
Discipline Other
Published In Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-07-09
DOI https://doi.org/10.62127/aijmr.2026.v04i04.1479
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