Influence of Calcium-to-Magnesium Ratio on the Thermophysical Properties of  Ganga River Water

Kalpana Shahi; Brameshwar; DPrashant Kumar

Influence of Calcium-to-Magnesium Ratio on the Thermophysical Properties of Ganga River Water

Author(s)	Prof. Kalpana Shahi, Dr. Brameshwar, DPrashant Kumar
Country	India
Abstract	Calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) are major divalent cations in natural river waters and can influence the physical behaviour of aqueous systems through their interactions with water molecules. However, the influence of their relative proportion on the thermophysical properties of natural river-water matrices remains insufficiently investigated. The present study evaluates the influence of the Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratio on the density and dynamic viscosity of Ganga River water under controlled temperature conditions. A Ganga River-water matrix was modified using CaCl₂·2H₂O and MgCl₂·6H₂O to establish different Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratios while maintaining a constant total concentration of Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺. The thermophysical properties were evaluated at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K. Density was determined using a calibrated pycnometric method, while dynamic viscosity was determined using a calibrated viscometric method. The experimental design was evaluated using two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's HSD multiple-comparison test at a significance level of p < 0.05. The model dataset demonstrated a progressive decrease in density and dynamic viscosity with increasing temperature. Density varied from 0.997235 to 0.996850 g cm⁻³ across the investigated treatment and temperature conditions, whereas dynamic viscosity ranged from 0.8938 to 0.7180 mPa s. Increasing the relative Ca²⁺ contribution from 40% to 80% produced a smaller but systematic variation in both thermophysical properties. Temperature exerted the strongest influence on both density and viscosity, while the Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratio also produced a statistically significant effect (p < 0.001). The interaction between Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ ratio and temperature was not significant for density but was significant for dynamic viscosity (p = 0.010). The findings demonstrate that the thermophysical behaviour of natural river water is influenced not only by the total concentration of divalent cations but also by their relative proportions. The study provides a controlled framework for relating major-ion composition to the physical behaviour of Ganga River water and establishes a basis for further investigation using seasonally resolved and experimentally measured river-water samples.
Keywords	Ganga River, calcium, magnesium, Ca²⁺: Mg²⁺ ratio, density, dynamic viscosity, thermophysical properties, temperature, river water.
Discipline	Other
Published In	Volume 1, Issue 2, September-October 2023
Published On	2023-10-06

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Influence of Calcium-to-Magnesium Ratio on the Thermophysical Properties of Ganga River Water

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